? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?——以博樂市“達勒特古城遺址”為例
近幾(ji)年中央一號文(wen)件強(qiang)調全面推進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing),各地積極探索鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)之路。然(ran)(ran)而(er),一些偏(pian)遠村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)的(de)現(xian)況是產(chan)(chan)業單(dan)一、村(cun)(cun)(cun)貌凌亂、人口外流等,亟需(xu)尋找鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)切入點。文(wen)化(hua)(hua)底蘊(yun)、自然(ran)(ran)風光、生態景觀等資源(yuan)的(de)挖掘不失是村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)產(chan)(chan)業振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)的(de)重要(yao)轉(zhuan)機。本文(wen)以博樂市“達勒特古城(cheng)遺址(zhi)”為例,探討古城(cheng)遺址(zhi)如何帶動周邊村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)發(fa)展。通過研(yan)究文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)(chan)的(de)活化(hua)(hua)利用,借(jie)助鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)政策優勢,推動遺址(zhi)周邊村(cun)(cun)(cun)落“農業+文(wen)化(hua)(hua)+旅游”的(de)融合發(fa)展。
古城遺址區位圖
文物保護單位標識牌
目前考古(gu)成果顯示,達勒特古(gu)城(cheng)建筑規模較大(da)、形制復雜(za),防衛周密,是(shi)宋元(yuan)時期(qi)喀喇汗(han)王朝、西遼、察合臺(tai)汗(han)國(guo)時段的山以北草原地(di)區軍(jun)事重鎮,并有著發達的手工業與(yu)繁華的貿易交流(liu),應(ying)即文獻記載的“孛羅城(cheng)”。
遺址現狀
//?遺址價值
古城出土錢幣
古城出土陶瓷文物
現(xian)狀村(cun)莊的人口呈下降(jiang)趨勢(shi)且老(lao)齡化問(wen)題嚴(yan)重(zhong)。2017年破(po)城(cheng)子村(cun)、查(cha)干蘇木(mu)村(cun)、烏蘭(lan)托(tuo)哈村(cun)三村(cun)總人口為(wei)1801人,到2020年破(po)城(cheng)子村(cun)、查(cha)干蘇木(mu)村(cun)、烏蘭(lan)托(tuo)哈村(cun)三村(cun)總人口為(wei)1771人。同時查(cha)干蘇木(mu)村(cun)老(lao)年人口占比高達20%,烏蘭(lan)托(tuo)哈村(cun)為(wei)17%,破(po)城(cheng)子為(wei)21%。
古城遺址與周邊村落
各村(cun)2017-2020年人口變化情況(kuang)表
各村人口年(nian)齡占比情況
村(cun)莊整(zheng)體呈現出產(chan)業鏈單(dan)一、農產(chan)品種類(lei)少等問題,三村(cun)的(de)傳統產(chan)業主(zhu)(zhu)要以棉(mian)花種植、蔬菜種植和(he)牛羊(yang)養殖(zhi)為主(zhu)(zhu),二產(chan)只有服務于(yu)村(cun)莊棉(mian)花產(chan)業的(de)扎花廠,三產(chan)則為沿街商鋪和(he)一處農家(jia)樂,并無重點(dian)產(chan)業和(he)特(te)色產(chan)業。
達勒(le)特鎮遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于溫帶(dai)大(da)陸性氣候區域,其(qi)特點(dian)是冬長(chang)夏短,春秋(qiu)季不明顯;晝夜溫差大(da),干(gan)旱(han)少雨(yu),光照充足。因此遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)邊以干(gan)燥、少雨(yu)的自然環境為(wei)主(zhu)。對(dui)土質的達勒(le)特古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)危(wei)害(hai)較(jiao)大(da),古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)周(zhou)邊以農田(tian)和居民點(dian)建(jian)筑為(wei)主(zhu),基(ji)本(ben)上沒有林(lin)木(mu)遮(zhe)擋風沙(sha),遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)防范風沙(sha)能力(li)較(jiao)弱。同(tong)時古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)受雨(yu)水沖刷情況(kuang)較(jiao)為(wei)嚴重(zhong),存在局部坍塌(ta)或(huo)瀕臨坍塌(ta)的情況(kuang)。遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)表面土質松軟,易被沖蝕,遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)整體損(sun)壞較(jiao)大(da),保護(hu)任(ren)務較(jiao)為(wei)嚴峻。
我(wo)們在(zai)對于(yu)(yu)達勒特古(gu)城遺址保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)中,需要(yao)(yao)做的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)僅(jin)不(bu)能(neng)改變遺跡其布(bu)局(ju)或(huo)裝飾,同時(shi)對遺跡周邊一(yi)定(ding)單元(yuan)也要(yao)(yao)進行(xing)(xing)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。對于(yu)(yu)古(gu)城遺址的(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)復,以(yi)歷史原真性為主(zhu),保(bao)留(liu)古(gu)城遺址的(de)(de)(de)有趣部分、傳統(tong)環境、布(bu)局(ju)平衡及(ji)其與周圍環境的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。最后要(yao)(yao)成立專門古(gu)城遺址照管(guan)對象(xiang),結合第(di)三次全國國土調查基(ji)數和現有的(de)(de)(de)地(di)形測繪(hui)資料(liao),將古(gu)城遺址地(di)理(li)信息系(xi)統(tong)與檔(dang)案數據庫連接,便于(yu)(yu)進行(xing)(xing)時(shi)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)檢測和定(ding)期維護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。按“保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)為主(zhu)、搶救第(di)一(yi)、合理(li)利用(yong)、加強管(guan)理(li)”的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物工作方針處理(li)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)與利用(yong)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi),促進文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持續(xu)發展。落(luo)實(shi)《達勒特古(gu)城遺址文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)規劃(2022-2035)》的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)范圍。對古(gu)城遺址核(he)心保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)范圍和建(jian)設控制(zhi)地(di)帶提出(chu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)措(cuo)施(shi)和保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。
遺址(zhi)歷(li)史(shi)文化(hua)保護及風貌圖
遺(yi)址及周邊(bian)利用發(fa)展布局圖
將古城(cheng)遺址的(de)(de)利用(yong)價(jia)值滲透至(zhi)周(zhou)邊村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊,三村(cun)(cun)(cun)借助(zhu)區位優勢、用(yong)地布局等(deng)(deng),發(fa)展(zhan)以(yi)“歷史文(wen)化(hua)+旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)”、“遺產(chan)文(wen)化(hua)+旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)”、“邊疆農(nong)耕+旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)”為(wei)主(zhu)導的(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)體系,帶動周(zhou)邊村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊發(fa)展(zhan)。依(yi)托(tuo)達勒特(te)古城(cheng)文(wen)化(hua)資源,三村(cun)(cun)(cun)協(xie)同共建(jian)(jian)文(wen)化(hua)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)、鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)服務、農(nong)產(chan)品供應的(de)(de)特(te)色村(cun)(cun)(cun)莊。破(po)城(cheng)子村(cun)(cun)(cun)以(yi)古城(cheng)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)業(ye)(ye)為(wei)主(zhu),修建(jian)(jian)游(you)(you)客接待中心(xin)、旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)商業(ye)(ye)街及博物展(zhan)覽(lan)館、民宿(su)等(deng)(deng)。烏蘭托(tuo)哈村(cun)(cun)(cun)開(kai)展(zhan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)特(te)色旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)服務業(ye)(ye),建(jian)(jian)設農(nong)家樂、商超、商業(ye)(ye)街、農(nong)貿市場等(deng)(deng)項目。查干蘇(su)木村(cun)(cun)(cun)以(yi)現(xian)狀農(nong)業(ye)(ye)種(zhong)植為(wei)基礎(chu),依(yi)托(tuo)古城(cheng)遺址,壯大一二產(chan)、發(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you),建(jian)(jian)設文(wen)創(chuang)產(chan)品生產(chan)、共享農(nong)莊、生態(tai)園等(deng)(deng)項目。
遺址及周邊(bian)活化利用業(ye)態分布
以游(you)客接待中(zhong)心為(wei)起點(dian)、古城遺址(zhi)為(wei)核心,串聯周邊村莊配套產(chan)業(ye)設計業(ye)態分布環線(xian),改變原本單一、沒(mei)有(you)形成閉環的(de)業(ye)態分布。其中(zhong)主要(yao)的(de)產(chan)業(ye)節點(dian)有(you)游(you)客接待中(zhong)心、博物展覽館、古城遺址(zhi)旅游(you)中(zhong)心、民宿、商(shang)業(ye)街、文創產(chan)品售賣(mai)、特色種植等。
古城旅游(you)線路(lu)圖
達勒特古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)是全國重點文物保(bao)護單位,遺產(chan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)成為(wei)達勒特古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)提(ti)高(gao)知(zhi)名(ming)度的一張“金名(ming)片(pian)”。開發數字化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)旅游產(chan)品,以“神秘的孛(bei)羅城(cheng)(cheng)“為(wei)主題,打(da)造(zao)考古(gu)展(zhan)覽館,利用5G+MR全息文物、5G+MR沙盤、5G+MR眼(yan)鏡、5G+VR博物館等全新應用打(da)造(zao)互(hu)動式(shi)體(ti)(ti)驗遺址(zhi)文化(hua)(hua)(hua),VR復(fu)原古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)繁榮情景影像(xiang),打(da)造(zao)身(shen)臨其境、體(ti)(ti)驗式(shi)的旅游產(chan)品。
農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)耕(geng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化是(shi)鄉村發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化集合,體現了當(dang)地(di)(di)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)歷程及和特(te)(te)征。規(gui)劃單元內現狀產業(ye)(ye)仍以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)為主,且因當(dang)地(di)(di)氣(qi)候環境、地(di)(di)理位置等形(xing)成(cheng)了具有當(dang)地(di)(di)特(te)(te)色的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)產業(ye)(ye)。要發(fa)揮出農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)資源的(de)最大(da)優勢,助力一(yi)產轉型提升附加值。一(yi)是(shi)開展(zhan)觀(guan)光農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye),建(jian)(jian)立(li)具有農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態的(de)區域。依托棉(mian)(mian)花種(zhong)植、特(te)(te)色果蔬(shu)種(zhong)植、特(te)(te)色養(yang)殖(zhi)建(jian)(jian)設農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)觀(guan)光園(yuan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事體驗園(yuan)等吸引(yin)游客(ke)前(qian)來(lai)開展(zhan)觀(guan)賞(shang)、品(pin)嘗、娛樂(le)、勞作(zuo)。二是(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)智慧農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye),將(jiang)傳統(tong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)與(yu)互聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)技(ji)術相結合,開展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)認領、網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)直播(bo)銷售等活動,游客(ke)可在網(wang)(wang)上(shang)認領種(zhong)子,并實(shi)時(shi)觀(guan)看農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)成(cheng)長,幫(bang)助游客(ke)了解農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)照(zhao)料(liao)、豐收、采摘等全過程。三是(shi)開展(zhan)達(da)勒特(te)(te)棉(mian)(mian)花節慶(qing)(qing),在達(da)勒特(te)(te)古(gu)城周邊(bian)舉辦年度棉(mian)(mian)花節慶(qing)(qing),組織娛樂(le)活動和購物(wu)活動,打造體現農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)耕(geng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)一(yi)大(da)品(pin)牌(pai)節慶(qing)(qing),吸引(yin)周邊(bian)城市居民到達(da)勒特(te)(te)古(gu)城遺址參與(yu)體驗,聚集人氣(qi)。
古城遺址周邊產業發展建設項目表
農文旅用地供給保障圖